Business Etiquette and Manners Essay

Each time one makes contact with ones employees, employers or customers one leaves a certain impression of oneself and the company, service or product one represents and first impressions always do make an impact on achieving business objectives. Therefore it is very important for one to leave the right perception on people by learning how to properly conduct oneself in a business environment. Business etiquette is how one does what one does in the business world. This is true on factory assembly lines, corporate boardrooms, commercial kitchens and grocery stores. When working in an office all day, it is very important to showcase good manners and proper office etiquette. Listed below are some pointers regarding proper behavior: * Treat everyone with respect: If you want to encourage the office behavior of respect, you must start by giving it to others at all times. From the receptionist at the front desk to the CEO of the company and prospective clients, modeling respectful attitudes toward all people is the first step in fostering work professionalism. Respect must also be given to individuals who come into contact with you that are not part of the company, including delivery persons, office equipment repair persons, property managers and especially customers. Be kind and courteous to everyone. * Addressing individuals by their honorific or title: Due to informality in the workplace today, a lot of business is lost, and goodwill destroyed, because of total disregard for properly addressing clients. The proper way to address clients is to greet them using their honorific or title followed by their last name; women should be referred to as ‘Ms. ’ Regardless of their marital status. Refer to individuals frequently by their names: Take the time and make the effort to pay attention to the name of the person you are being introduced to. A person’s name means everything to them. To build rapport with a client, mention their name several times during the conversation, it helps in making a connection with the client and reaching out to them on a personal level. * Introduce people with confidence: Most people hate making introductions, because they do not know how to properly make them. Introducing people with confidence is a great way to impress your customers. In business, introductions are determined by precedence. The person who holds the position of highest authority in an organization takes precedence over others who work there. For example, you introduce your company’s president to a colleague. * Be on time: Punctuality is one of the key criterion’s of judging your potency as a worker. Ensure that you reach your office and corporate events you might be invited to punctually. If at all practicable try reaching ten minutes early. This may give you an opportunity to relax and unwind before you commence with your work. If you are a guest, understand that the organizer has been selective with the invitation list. Many invitations will include a brief agenda that highlights when guests may arrive for the event, typically providing a window of 15 to 30 minutes for registration and welcome reception times. * Wear proper office attire: Watch your garments. While this holds true for any one, it holds even more importance for ladies. Your office is meant to be a place for work and not some fancy dress competition. At work, you should be dressed in a straightforward yet smart fashion. Formal suits and dresses should be worn in neutral colors so that they reflect your professionalism. Make contact: There are few physical contacts that are appropriate in business; the most important and acceptable is your handshake. Your handshake is a non-verbal clue that indicates to the other person whether or not you are a take charge person. For example, a firm and strong handshake suggests that you are decisive, in control. Greet everyone with a firm, sincere handshake, a friendly smile and direct eye contact. However, when approaching a group of individuals, it’s important to note that you should always shake the hand of the highest ranking officer first. Maintain a healthy office environment: Keep the space professional and neat with appropriate personal touches! People will see the space and consider it a reflection of you. Whether it is a cubicle or office, respect others’ space. Don’t just walk in; knock or make your presence gently known. Don’t assume acknowledgement of your presence is an invitation to sit down; wait until you are invited to do so. Don’t interrupt people on the phone, and don’t try to communicate with them verbally or with sign language. You could damage an important phone call. Limit personal calls, especially if you work in a space that lacks a door. Learn when and where it is appropriate to use your cell phone in your office. Food consumption should generally be regulated. Smells and noise from food can be distracting to others trying to work. * While dealing with customers: Name-tumblers when we introduce ourselves or other people has become a major problem; especially on the telephone. We need to slow down and pronounce our names slowly, clearly and distinctly. At first it may feel as if you are exaggerating your name, but you are really helping the other person and improving overall communication. When dealing with angry customers, it is important to restrain your anger, remain calm, listen to them and assure them that you will solve their problems. Especially over the telephone while handling complains, speak softly. That will soothe the speaker and show him or her that you’re interested in handling the complaint in a calm, rational way. Learning the rules of business etiquette is not very hard and it is not costly as many companies offer formal training on business etiquette, including communications, attire, networking, international business etiquette and new hire etiquette training. People truly desire to do business with those that make them comfortable and know how to best handle themselves in a variety of situations. Learning to incorporate good business etiquette into the workplace will pay dividends both in employee morale and on your company’s bottom line. Customer loyalty also improves when good business etiquette is in full force as it is reflected in the atmosphere of your office or shop.

12 Angry Men Questions Essay

1. Do you think that the jury in this movie came to the right decision? Why/why not? I think that the jury in this movie came to the wrong decision, because I feel that all throughout the deliberation the factual evidence did not have any reasonable doubt lingering above it, which was the complete opposite of the opinion of juror 8, and gradually everyone else. While there was factual evidence presented, juror 8 persuaded all the rest of the jurors at the end to disregard the forensics, and to deduce their own theories, by blatantly stating â€Å"what if† questions persuading all jurors to a unanimous decision. 2. Did your opinion of the case change as the movie progressed, or did it stay the same throughout the entire movie? Explain. My opinion of the case changed as the movie progressed, and did not stay the same throughout the entire movie. In the beginning I felt that the teenage boy was guilty and that the facts were too evident and clear, but slowly I was so fascinated by juror 8’s logic and his thinking ability, it got me interested and swayed my vote for â€Å"not guilty† I also believed what juror 8 was saying by his tone of voice, which was clear and rhetorical. He showed the panel a rough estimate on how long it would take for the father to get stabbed, walk with a limp, and still call for help. 3. Juror 8 made the statement, â€Å"Prejudice obscures the truth.† Which character(s) based their decisions on prejudice? Explain. Juror 10 is one of the most racist and prejudice of the all the jurors a quote to show this is â€Å"Now you’re not going to tell us that we’re supposed to believe that kid, knowing what he is. Listen, I’ve lived among ‘em all my life. You can’t believe a word they say. I mean, they’re born liars.† When he says this he means/believes that people are born in slums are born to live lives of crime and disseat, even thou juror 5 was born and lived in a slum all his life he  is a perfectly respectable man. This proves that juror 10 was wrong and people born in slums aren’t born to lie and commit crime. 4. Why do you think Juror 3 held out so long before changing his mind at the end? Juror 3 is the last to change his mind because of his grudge against kids; this grudge between him and his son had stemmed from a fight and immediately his son left home and has never seen him in more than two years. Ever since that incident juror 3 has had a personal dislike against kids which is evident when juror 3 says â€Å"‘that goddamn rotten kid, I know him, what they’re like. What they do to you. How they kill you every day. My God, don’t you see? How come I’m the only one who sees? Jeez, I can feel that knife going in.’† This proves that juror 3 thinks he knows every kid in the whole world and knows that they are disrespectful and unthankful. But by the end of deliberation when he was the lone man voting guilty, he was overwhelmed with pressure by the jurors and his bottled feelings for his son that instantly come out, realizing that he cannot treat the teenage boy like his son, and thus treat him fairly. 5. Did this movie provide an accurate depiction of jury deliberation? Explain. The deliberation was for pure entertainment but also great acting was presented by the jurors as they showed the atmosphere in a deliberation room, as the testimony of many jurors in real life explain that they are very anxious to leave and would like to quickly go home, who may listen to a case for days. Such jurors like juror three took notes and noted evidence and factual information, though it is very uncommon for jurors to take notes, it is legal and shows that some can remember while other are better to write things down. But one scene that rang an alarm for me is when juror 8 brought out the similar knife used in the crime scene, to show â€Å"that anyone could have put a knife at the crime scene.† He should have been kicked off the jury the moment he went out and bought the knife. By law, juries are not allowed to conduct their own investigations, and if the other jurors had just reported Ju ror No. 8 for that, he’d have been replaced by an alternate. Yes, it’s cool for characters in a movie to take the law into  their own hands. In real life, you like to leave tasks like that to the people who have years of training and law enforcement experience. Even with that, Juror No. 8’s whole line of reasoning is wrong at almost every step. According to the law, it’s the jury’s job to determine the veracity of the evidence presented, as is — not to question and interpret the evidence any way they choose and make wild assumptions about witnesses. For instance, you don’t just dismiss blood evidence as â€Å"probably planted† unless you are presented with evidence that it has been planted. Likewise, you can’t just hand-wave away jury testimony based on, â€Å"There were indents on her nose.† 6. Rotten Tomatoes gave this movie a 100% rating. Are you surprised? Was this warranted? I am not surprised that Rotten Tomatoes gave this movie 100% rating; it is a very unique movie that has only 12 characters and one setting, which captures a complex-riddled dialogue using rhetorical, logical, metaphorical schemes and a bundle of jaw-dropping acting by Henry Fonda. But in my opinion, I would rate this movie a 92% rating because though we learned in law class on the responsibilities and process in jury duty and deliberation many scenes would depict the opposite which caught my attention, but I understand that some parts were made to capture the audience’s attention throughout the movie, which indeed they did and had to tweak the truth.

Managing medical error disclosure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing medical error disclosure - Essay Example Incidence of medical errors has been on the increase (Mazor et al 2006). Medical errors are also called euphemistically as adverse events. A report titled â€Å"To Err is Human† had talked about frequency of medical error about a decade ago (Levinson, 2009). In spite of high incidence of serious medical errors, there had been no guidelines from professional bodies as to how to deal with medical errors until a few years ago (Bratton, 2007). Disclosing medical error to the patient has been high on the agenda of ethical practitioners in the medical profession contrary to what time and again insurance companies and their attorneys have advised against disclosure (Guadagnino, 2005). Medical error is the fifth leading cause of death in the U.S. and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) has estimated the related costs at $ 29 billion (Rajendran, 2001). Medical errors are not necessarily related to an individual’s negligence. It can be due to systemic deficiencies (Howe, 2000). Medical errors are so rampant that they are now considered a public health issue endangering safety of patients. Medical error had been recognized as early as in mid 1950s. But there had been no change in medical practice until recent times aimed at avoiding them. For example, in the case of tonsillectomy debated for the past more than two decades as an unnecessary procedure , it was only after the public scandal involving death of children during early 1970, that the medical profession woke up to the realty (Millenson, 2002). There are more than one million adverse events which end up in 44,000 to 98,000 patient deaths in the U.S. (Basanta, 2003).However much the efforts are being taken to avoid medical errors, it has not been possible to totally eradicate them as they are now daily routine to be confronted with by the health industry as whole at some place or other. Hence, in order to put the patients and their relatives at ease, the policy makers have made

The History of Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The History of Advertising - Essay Example This essay "The history of advertising" outlines the changes in the advertisement in course of times and its future. Advertising today is totally integrated with the term marketing, that it has become an activity similar to mass selling. In this respect it has to be distinguished from other activities intended to persuade the public, like propaganda, publicity and public relations. The techniques of advertising range in complexity from the publishing of simple notices in the classified-advertising columns of newspapers to the integrated marketing communications, involving the concerned use of advertising in newspapers, magazines, television and radio and on the internet as well as direct response, sales promotion and other communications vehicles in the course of a single campaign. From its humble beginnings in the ancient times, advertising had grown into a worldwide industry, with billions of dollars spent every year to influence the purchase of products and services. New age advertising Advertising has also changed not only in spending but by its nature, scope and components over the years. The channels (media), research, techniques of persuasion, industry structure, economic and social effects and regulation are the factors that have contributed to its change over the years. Today advertising messages are disseminated through numerous channels. The television, newspapers, direct mail, radio, yellow pages, magazines, business publications, outdoor advertising and farm publications were the traditional channels. But miscellaneous media such as window displays, free shopping news publications, calendars, blimps, sky writing by airplanes, sandwich boards carried by people walking the streets, delivery trucks painted with product messages, wrapping paper and shopping bags etc are employed to reach the advertisements to the potential buyers. The new information age has contributed the advertising industry with its new channels like the internet, gleaming with pop-up messages and e-mail alerts; the mobile phones with the SMS messages and the net savvy gadgets that download the entertainment along with the ad promos. Research is another factor that has contributed to the growth of the sector. It was only possible to approximate the effectiveness of various advertising a century ago. Today prospective advertisers were guided almost solely by estimates of magazine and newspaper readership. Advertising and market research has become so much sophisticated that advertisers and agencies frequently conduct extensive and expensive surveys to determine the potential acceptance of products or services before they are advertised nationally at costs that may amount to millions of dollars. Techniques of persuasion has also changed, most of them circumscribed only by the ingenuity of the creative mind, the limits of various channels of communication, by certain legal restrictions and by the standards self imposed by the industry. Modern advertising employs an astonishing variety of persuaders. Among these are humorous and entertaining television and radio commercials, appeals to the sense of smell by use of perfumed ink on paper, endorsements of products by celebrities, appeals to parents to give their children a better life and future, appeals to children to 'ask mommy' to buy certain break fast cereals and the controversial use of 'scare copy'. The advertising industry has also changed. Today we see a great transition from the old space brokerage to the new age big-budget

Women and their Rights to Sexual and Reproductive Health Essay

Women and their Rights to Sexual and Reproductive Health - Essay Example This system of patriarchy is supported and intensified by our society through the continuous reinforcement of the male domination via different institutions such as religion, government, economy, family, and often than not, the institution of education as well. Likewise, one among the roles being played by these social institutions is the shaping of gender roles between men and women. It is the case that how people are supposed to behave and how they act are something that is already influenced and anticipated by the society. On the one hand, the unjust power dynamics between men and women has affected greatly women in our society in general. It is not just the old, middle – aged, young, or even those females who are not born yet who are affected but generally, all women are troubled. This is for the reason that women are clearly situated at a disadvantageous point because of the unfair and unequal power relations between men and women. Women are considered as second class cit izens who are powerless and need to depend on men. Women lack the power to control their lives and even to rule over their own body since the normative standard expects men to dominate over women. Because of the fact that women cannot even have power over their own bodies, they are not given priority and are usually ignored to have the rights to the sexual and reproductive health. In this regard, this argumentative paper will dwell on the position that women, who lack the control over their bodies, must have the rights to their sexual and reproductive health. I am saying this not just on behalf of those women who are infected by sexual infections and diseases, but I am stating this on behalf of all the women. Not all women may have the full awareness that they are limited because of gender but just accept what the society dictates them. However, sexual and reproductive health is one of the many things that women do not have. Thus, they should have these rights as women. Human immuno deficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), as stated by Amzat and Abdullahi (2008), has turned out to be a challenging global health concern for having around 40 million infected people in Africa. Indeed, this health issue is indeed a global concern but the condition of Africa is something that is really shocking. It is the case that seven (7) out of ten (10) infected with the disease are residing at this region. What contributes to this bulk number of infected people is not just the lack of awareness of having protected sex and the lack of safe sex practice however, according to the United Nations Development Programme – Pacific Centre’s (UNDPPC) (2009) report, there is a close connection between the spread of HIV as well as the distinct and unfair experiences of women and men and together with the unjust power relations between them that leads to the gender – based discrimination of different sorts suffered by women. Moreover, the r esult of the new report has been consistent to the United Nations’ old report in 1996. Both have asserted that gender is still suggested to be considered as a concern in order to address, stop and invert the increase of HIV as well as the other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The case of the spread of HIV in the Pacific is marked by risky sexual behaviors of men who have happened to hold more social power and have more freedom in having sexual activities as compared to women (UNDPPC, 2009). Meanwhile, the society has constructed its ideas on masculinity whose common features link to their likelihood of acquiring this sexual infection. Men’s physical and sexual prowess together with their authority in the society has altered the

Study Guide Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Study Guide - Assignment Example However, when people from a different country relocate to that society, they find it extremely difficult to adapt to the new culture and such individuals confront many issues that may entail personality conflicts. The author, through her essay, has been able to demonstrate the problems she has encountered in becoming American and it clearly depicts how immigrants feel in an alien land. The society prescribes a high standard on outward appearances, especially in the context of females. Thus, they are forced to harbor certain notions on how a woman should look. The concept of beauty also changes as a person moves from one society to the other. In her essay, Alvarez illustrates this eloquently when she shows the sisters watching the Beauty Pageant. They actively discuss about different contestant, opining who should win and who should not. During all these, they feel themselves intimidated by the notion that they may not ever be able to win the Miss America Pageant because they are not â€Å"American.† Through the description of the inner feelings of the sisters, Alvarez provides her audience a subtle hint that the sisters do not feel â€Å"belonging† to the American culture. Their alienation becomes evident when they think that they will have to change their appearance to â€Å"English, iron and tweeze them out, straighten them, mold them into Made-in -the-USA beauty† (Alvarez Page). Jim Barnes’ poem, â€Å"Return to La Plata, Missouri,† evokes a sense of nostalgia, where the poet recalls the memories of his town, saying goodbye to it. Like many of his other poems this is also focused on the description of a place. The city, like many others around the world, has all the evils, hidden beneath its red sheath that slowly turns brown. At the first reading, a reader may not clearly understand many of the imagery and how the writer connects these to the evils that hide within the dark recesses of cities. However, a close reading makes it clear that

Major Economic Statistics and the US Economy Essay

Major Economic Statistics and the US Economy - Essay Example Hence, it would be expected to result in a rise in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, when considering the impact on the standard of living the economists have to look at the movement of GDP on a per capita basis. Taking into account the economic factors mentioned above and population growth it is possible to say that the rate of production does not coincide with the rate of population growth. Even if figures show that production activity of the country increases it does not satisfy the increased consumption need (because of population growth). This fact is proved by the poverty statistical data shows the rise in poverty rate from 11.7 % in 2001 to 12.1 % in 2002. The number of poor increased also, by 1.7 million, to 34.6 million poor in 2001. It is possibleto predict that in a competitive US market, reductions in the marginal product of labour will tend to lower the rewards to labour. In other words rapid growth in population leads to a cut in wage rates (Economic Forecast for the United States. 2005). According to the statistical data the U.S. current-account deficit increased $6.7 billion to $195.1 billion in the first quarter of 2005. In the economic system there is a link between the country balance payment and its rate of economic growth. The notion of trade balance can be defined as "the difference between the value of the goods and services that a country exports and the value of the goods and services that it imports" (White House Statistics, 2005). The strong growth of demand has led to a large increase in the trade deficit in goods and services. So, if the US government wants to reduce the trade deficit, then it has to accept that consumer must grow at a slower rate in order to reduce the imbalance between exports... Taking into account the economic factors mentioned above and population growth it is possible to say that the rate of production does not coincide with the rate of population growth. Even if figures show that production activity of the country increases it does not satisfy the increased consumption need (because of population growth). This fact is proved by the poverty statistical data shows the rise in the poverty rate from 11.7 % in 2001 to 12.1 % in 2002. The number of poor increased also, by 1.7 million, to 34.6 million poor in 2001. It is possible to predict that in a competitive US market, reductions in the marginal product of labor will tend to lower the rewards to labor. In other words, rapid growth in population leads to a cut in wage rates.According to the statistical data, the U.S. current-account deficit increased $6.7 billion to $195.1 billion in the first quarter of 2005. In the economic system, there is a link between the country balance payment and its rate of economi c growth. The notion of trade balance can be defined as â€Å"the difference between the value of the goods and services that a country exports and the value of the goods and services that it imports† (White House Statistics, 2005). The strong growth of demand has led to a large increase in the trade deficit in goods and services. So, if the US government wants to reduce the trade deficit, then it has to accept that consumer must grow at a slower rate in order to reduce the imbalance between exports and imports.

What is the most important lesson to be drawn from the history of Essay

What is the most important lesson to be drawn from the history of leprosy - Essay Example This has somehow been brought over to modern times where the treatment of leprosy has often been carried out in hospitals that are separate hospitals or a leprosarium as a result of the stigmatization. The occurrence or incidences of leprosy has been so prevalent in certain areas and times throughout history, and this has inspired and influenced the cultural practices that are experienced in the world at large in the discussion over leprocy. The question then is what are the important lessons to be drawn from the history of leprosy to the current world? Leung and Liang (2009) gives the history of leprosy in China and how the obsession with the problem led to the rejection of the lepers as it was believed that the condition was incurable and contagious. While most mainstream texts in the medical field at the time were categorical about the description of leprosy, there were also social attitudes and religious views on the ailment that were at times confusing and ambiguous. In Imperial China, there was segregation of people who had leprosy as it was believed that the body of such sufferers was highly contagious. In the Fujian regions of China during the Late Imperial China, the belief was that the ailment of leprosy is transmitted through sex but the fear of being affected by the disease known by the natives as lillai led it to be seen as a social phenomenon. From Leung’s Leprosy in China we can learn that there have been diverse social, cultural and intellectual dimensions of leprosy in the world and not only China alone and it gives the significance and understanding of the disease as in the past as viewed from a religious and medical angle. The lesson is that there was also confusion as to what leprosy is as some of them referred to it as dafeng which refers to the etiological pattern of the invasion of wind or lillai which refer to the symptoms and sores on the skin. The different perceptions

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 61

Philosophy - Essay Example As for Robin Penslar and Aaron Ridley, utilitarianism is teleological moral theory which asserts that the correct action is a function of its consequences ("the greatest good for the greatest number") which can be predicted. The consequences of the good must be distributed as widely as possible; the person making moral choice should look not only for personal good or for whom they care about, but also for welfare. The choice made is provided by the rationale and logical argument and a person can use it on an individual basis. According to this ethical theory, the correctness of behavior is determined by its final use. The supporters of the theory say the utilitarian principle is the only moral criterion of human acts, and this principle is to ensure that we should always seek to maximize the predominance of good over evil. The ethics of utilitarianism defines natural process in a person coming into antagonism with itself in consciousness. According to the utilitarism morality is based upon the common good (happiness for most people) which Bentham called the common benefit, of course, distinguishing it from self-interest, or personal benefit. Under the principle of common benefit he understood the principle of action selection and evaluation of acts, which focuses on the greatest possible benefit. If the act concerns the interests of the community, we are talking about the benefits (happiness) of community, if it is about the interests of the individual, so, the benefits of the individual is a predominant thing. Utilitarism is also a theory directed against selfishness. The admissibility of pleasure or profit made in each case is determined by whether they contribute to a higher purpose. The definition (assessment) of phenomena and events either good or bad is also based on that principle. And according to the theory a person should (bearing in mind the supreme moral principle) strive to provide at

Action Potential Essay Example for Free

Action Potential Essay What opens first in response to a threshold stimulus? Voltage Gated (activation gates) Na+ channels open and Na+ diffuses in the cytoplasm What characterizes depolarization, 1st phase of action potential? Membrane changes from a negative value to a positive value What characterizes repolarization, 2nd phase of action potential? Once the membrane depolarizes to a peak value of 30+, it repolarizes to to its negative resting value of -70 What event triggers the generation of an action potential? The membrane potential must depolarize from the resting voltage of -70 mV to a threshold value of -55 mV. ( This is the minimum value required to open enough voltage-gated Na+ channels so that depolarization is irreversible.) What is the first change to occur in response to a threshold stimulus? Voltage-gated Na+ channels change shape, and their activation gates open Resting State All gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed Step 2 Depolarization; Na+ Channels Open During the depolarization phase of the action potential, open Na+ channels allow Na+ ions to diffuse into the cell. This inward movement of positive charge makes the membrane potential more positive (less negative). The depolarization phase is a positive feedback cycle where open Na+ channels cause depolarization, which in turn causes more voltage-gated Na+ channels to open. Step 3 Repolarization; Na+ channels are inactivating and K+ Channels Open Step 4 Hyperpolarization; Some K+ channels remain open and Na+ channels reset How many gates/states do voltage gated Na+ channels have? two gates and three states Closed Na+ at the resting state, no Na+ enters the cell through them Opened Na+ opened by depolariztion, allowing Na+ to enter the cell Inactivated channels automatically blocked by inactivation gates soon after they open How many gates/states do voltage gated K+ channels have? one gate, two states Closed K+ at the resting state, no K+ leaves Opened K+ at depolarization, after delay, allowing K+ to leave Why is an action potential self-generating? depolarizing currents established by the influx of Na+ flow down the axon and trigger an action potential at the next segment The Na+ diffusing into the axon during the first phase of the action potential creates a depolarizing current that brings the next segment, or node, of the axon to threshold. Why does regeneration of the action potential occur in one direction, rather than in two directions? The inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close in the node, or segment, that has just fired an action potential At the peak of the depolarization phase of the action potential, the inactivation gates close. Thus, the voltage-gated Na+ channels become absolutely refractory to another depolarizing stimulus. What changes occur to voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels at the peak of depolarization? Inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close, while activation gates of voltage-gated K+ channels open Closing of voltage-gated channels is time dependent. Typically, the inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close about a millisecond after the activation gates open. At the same time, the activation gates of voltage-gated K+ channels open. What marks the end of the depolarization phase? As voltage-gated Na+ channels begin to inactivate, the membrane potential stops becoming more positive This marks the end of the depolarization phase of the action potential. Then, as voltage-gated K+ channels open, K+ ions rush out of the neuron, following their electrochemical gradient. This exit of positively-charged ions causes the interior of the cell to become more negative, repolarizing the membrane. The repolarization phase of the action potential, where voltage becomes more negative after the +30mV peak, is caused primarily by __________. The opening of voltage-gated K+ channels allows K+ ions to exit the cell, repolarizing the membrane. In other words, the exit of K+ ions makes the membrane potential more negative. K+ also exits through leakage channels during this phase because leakage channels are always active. However, most of the membrane permeability to K+ during this phase is due to voltage-gated channels. Voltage-gated K+ channels make the action potential more brief than it would otherwise be if only leakage channels were available to repolarize the membrane. During an action potential, hyperpolarization beyond (more negative to) the resting membrane potential is primarily due to __________. The large number of voltage-gated K+ channels opening during the repolarization phase quickly makes the membrane potential more negative as positively-charged K+ ions leave the cell. K+ ions continue to leave through open channels as the membrane potential passes (becomes more negative than) the resting potential. This hyperpolarization phase of the action potential is therefore due to K+ ions diffusing through voltage-gated K+ channels. The membrane potential remains more negative than the resting potential until voltage-gated K+ channels close. This period of hyperpolarization is important in relieving voltage-gated Na+ channels from inactivation, readying them for another action potential. During the hyperpolarization phase of the action potential, when the membrane potential is more negative than the resting membrane potential, what happens to voltage-gated ion channels? Voltage-gated K+ channels are opened by depolarization. This means that as the membrane potential repolarizes and then hyperpolarizes, these K+ channels close. With the closing of voltage-gated K+ channels, the membrane potential returns to the resting membrane potential via leakage channel activity. Resetting voltage-gated Na+ channels to the closed (but not inactivated) state prepares them for the next action potential. During the hyperpolarization phase of the action potential, voltage eventually returns to the resting membrane potential. What processes are primarily responsible for this return to the resting membrane potential? Voltage-gated K+ channels close. K+ and Na+ diffuse through leakage channels.

Importance of Career Planning and Development

Importance of Career Planning and Development Yogi Berra once said. So will not know what youre here, you may wind up somewhere else Many of the good will of certain professional career began with the objectives, only to find myself, 10 years later, I wonder what went wrong. If you want to get serious in your career, you should take time to develop good career map. Ask yourself the following questions: where I want five years from now? Ten years from now? Assess the current situation and whether or current employer cannot fulfill its objectives. If not, what companies to target as prospective employers? As you map the ideal future that can achieve your goals can be set behind the fear is not. They work toward you and give the fuel a fire. But beware Motivation can be difficult. Their values may change over the course of his career, and youll find new things to inspire you perhaps may have. When you were just out of college, working conditions may be the biggest motivating factor. As you progress through your career, you probably know, that were going here BEGIN lottery, get a real, pretty skinny and Chief Financial Freedom and get inspiration from Beat the search. Other people are a challenge, or something of value is fueled by the opportunity to participate. Tap their own sources, and his career can be satisfying Importance of Career Planning and Development Until recently, workers will have access to the organization, his career in his career. Now past. Steeds Employees still very popular because they naively believe that the continuity of work and organizational values are well-immune Discounts added. However, increased competition, rapid technological change, restructuring and dishonest means, not high performance protection against dismissal of employees. More likely is the lack of a traditional business. Experts estimate that popular that race is a rapid settlement Realistic and orientation problems, prevention and active employees the opportunity to explore power. The creation and career goals. Career Planning and Development two processes career employee (centered) and career management (organization center) is. Human resource management task, but it is a planning, career planning and management of human resources is part of, be state by many organizations is not included. Ideally, a professional development and planning process, which met match interests and organizational needs, must overcome. That the business skills for a career development. Careered strategic objective, strategic and organizational planning and staff need the same profile in competitive situations to get the skills to ensure development is an important element of the organization and skilled workforce. Human Resource Planning and Career Planning and Development Employees are increasingly concerned about the quality of life Battle of the lack of expertise in order to build talent worldwide Trade unions focus more on career planning and development: Higher levels of education and expectations of employees. Institutions and the feeling of obligation to employees. Employees Responsibility Every employee Belgium honorable career planning and development should be more concern. Unfortunately ignores the responsibility of individuals, I quickly left the organization. Passive acceptance of the employees in D control of your career and your future career, employment opportunities are aimed at reducing chance achieve. Career planning and development agencies an offer to return home, usually not written to every employee of the organizations needs. Employees professional and personal goals and skill level of critical analysis of the personal and professional interests between the doors to career planning. Human resources should be Supreme leader and pro-active career planning needs of individual and institutional development are important. Human resources personnel and organizational development planning and entire careers to know about training among employees are to promote. Factors in career development Employees must take responsibility for their own professional development. White is not right flat course, and optimal development of conflict. Dying for career development and a key factor in successfully to reduce development. Performance employee is bad, very little training and development debates on Promotion of opportunities for international assignments. Exposure workers, senior decision makers for their excellent performance management. Workers, communication, presentation and training for businesses are known organization can develop a success, and participation in social activities. ReputationA business opportunity stars and long-term work for the glory of commercial success as a home full time employees. So institutions may be an important factor Mentor Successful managers usually have a mentor or sponsor who helps advance their career by offering advice, giving instruction and opening up career opportunities. The protà ©gà ©, by developing more skills and self-confidence, performs better and provides longer. Advice, to encourage businesses to identify and talent to support the use of diversity Consult a front frame development and growth is all the people Advice to the company helps create awareness about the value. Coaching motivated and improve employee job satisfaction Ingratiation- a good way to pay special powers in relation to leaf can be an effective strategy. Development Develop knowledge and skills to further enhance the value of labor and thus an attractive body continues. International experience primarily for senior management career (international experience), all of the keys to success. Languages and business managers in other channels set to the increasingly global demand is not awesome development in the English Department internationalization, but the second (third Test) language. Languages and business managers in other channels set to the increasingly global demand is not awesome development in the English Department internationalization, but the second (third Test) language. Computer and a keyboard a competitive advantage, computer skills required. Highly efficient technology, can Networking It is important that employees of the Belgian network of contacts can be useful in carrier spending Goals, success, motivation and designer, is just the beginning of the employee, and most of them go Networking It is important that employees of the Belgian network of contacts can be useful in carrier spending Golf Golf indispensable work, in Asia, where golf is the most important names in the transaction met. Golf at this time, the New Millennium Assembly and now starting over as a result of negotiations eventually Assembly Career plateau More career opportunities for staff to promote an awesome reference to a minimum met. When this happens, further progress may be blocked employees. For a worker is required to the roof to escape, its important for travelers to enhance and develop themselves to change and transition. Employees are now reaching plateaus earlier in their careers than did their predecessors and far earlier than their own expectations so it is important for organizations and individuals to prepare to cope with the phenomenon successfully, particularly when the signs of an impending plateau are observed. The risk of obsolescence is less if organizations accept responsibility for employee development and if employees are prepared to invest time in their development. Dual Career Womens way more specific to human resource management policies, and his two officers and the passengers were staff spouses.HR employee expectations with the existing route must be careful to fill in personal development programs, including wives. Dual-career couples, two lines will be presented for flexibility, work and role of work in Belgium as a clear distinction between (for non coping mechanisms) and career planning and skills development. Work Family Conflict Work in the family show both income and single parent families against families. People no longer a problem and what is the formula to successfully balance work and family. Work and family difficulties with the names of women seeking to compete as a mother to make the unity of the traditional family, wife and homemaker. Place the family and colleagues get the first guy to satisfy the problem. Family, Children and delivery of ALS policy to work to support the costs of monitoring and flexible work hours at home, part-time, Flexible terrible not to leave to help die, but the staff commitment. Outplacement Help recruit other investment career as a special order is the same design. Outplacement consultants are low, but the change, career assessment, evaluation, training, interviews will consult new services to develop methods of finding a job offer administrative and secretarial. Career Human Resource Management What is needed careful planning and hoe en route to his career achieve your goals. Marina is a great opportunity, many of its limitations. Very limit of the directors and managers blow to your advantage as human resource management, popular experts was obtained. Individual and to gather and assess the needs and desires of human resources, improving peoples happiness, success is the ability to employ works, prices will lead to more information. The variety of jobs jobs are available, and one and a professional summary. Compensation Remuneration for HRM employees has lagged behind that paid to employees in functions. So why, employee and employer making mistake on their career planning and development? First, they have unrealistic goals. Personal career goals to cut the break are not manageable. If you read books in a year are planning to try for 100, two short of the years before the end to read all good books last weekend. For example, would be a manageable goal, two pounds per month to read. Finally you can customize with you it would be measured month. Two Years more likely you will receive with this approach and the overall goal of 200 pounds to read. Even more unrealistic expectations are realistic, if you target your check with friends and mentors. Also, if unrealistic career goals are rarely met and held that the individuals overall concept is useless and ignored. Second, limited access and many are working in the realm that is a business plan. They see work as a type of work or job itself. The range of career opportunities and job satisfaction can have a significant impact on overall negative effect. Expand your horizons and work in training other related businesses difficult to cross. Learn the different skills and you will find more opportunities. Third, plan a career that detailed above, and leaves no room and no problem over time in response to external or internal conditions may change. Also, rules detailed list of action items to be a little sense of priorities absence. The action against leads to little or no effective career> plan to. Fourth, a career planning skills and acknowledge that other options depending on the plan you career is doomed to failure. Develop a plan that his own companys growth and progress needs to accelerate development are wrong. Career planning and direction, and its responsibility is solely your responsibility. Your organizations resources can provide, but it is your responsibility to take your career plans and measures necessary to develop. Fifth, many take unnecessary risks that lack of planning your career. You do not have options, developing real, yet the basic skills and understanding necessary to work to move to switch to the next level or to prepare properly. You should inform the decision, the appropriate insurance carrier with its plan to develop the results planned. Getting there: five core areas of management and careers in their plan that not many (1) you (set unrealistic goals,( 2) career plans, coverage and scope, is limited (3) if you plan an overly broad career, (4) planning your career depends on others, and Meaning (5) their future careers and the lack of an unnecessary risk with their career they plan to take.

Clean Coal and Its Potential Essay -- Energy Coal Fuel Essays Papers

Clean Coal and Its Potential With the United States' increasing addiction for petroleum and imported energy, many organizations have begun to pressure government agencies to consider cleaner methods for fuel. As evident from recent government spending, the current administration favors the generation of electricity through a fossil fuel abundant in the United States; coal. Though coal is widely seen as a cheap source of energy, it contains many drawbacks: it’s emissions. Clean coal alternatives are available and they appear to have a promising future in the world of non-renewable energy. Coal, when used in the traditional manner, is the dirtiest fossil fuel on the planet. The combustion of coal releases a combination of harmful emissions into the surrounding atmosphere. These include but are not limited to NOx, SO2, CO2, and trace amounts of mercury (Rinstinen). Effects of these emissions are seen in the accumulation of low-level ozone, global warming, and acid rain. Despite these devastating affects coal remains the largest single producer of energy in the US (Schobert). With so many coal burning plants already in operation, and the obvious benefits of coal’s energy potential, scientists have set out to harness coal’s good properties while at the same time protect the earth from it’s devastating short-comings. The answer to the current debate over coal’s future seems to lie in the idealist potential of Clean Coal. It’s potential is so great that President Bush has poured millions of dollars into the Federal Budget to stimulate Clean Coal development and initiatives. Currently, countless plants from the 1950’s and 1960’s have become decommissioned or are in need of replacements; the need to reinv... ...the non-renewable energies require too many additional processes to be considered a sustainable fuel for the future. Works Cited "Clean Coal Technology: How It Works." BBC News. 28 Nov. 2005. bbc.co.uk. 14 Feb. 2007 . "Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle." Cogeneration. 8 Jan. 2004. CogenerationTechnologies. 14 Feb. 2007 . "Prospects For CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) – Fact Sheet." Iea.Org. 15 Feb. 2006. International Energy Agency. 14 Feb. 2007 . Ristinen, Robert A., and Jack J. Kraushaar. Energy and the Environment. New York & London: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999. Schobert, Harold H. Energy and Society. New York & London: Taylor and Francis, 2002. Clean Coal and Its Potential Essay -- Energy Coal Fuel Essays Papers Clean Coal and Its Potential With the United States' increasing addiction for petroleum and imported energy, many organizations have begun to pressure government agencies to consider cleaner methods for fuel. As evident from recent government spending, the current administration favors the generation of electricity through a fossil fuel abundant in the United States; coal. Though coal is widely seen as a cheap source of energy, it contains many drawbacks: it’s emissions. Clean coal alternatives are available and they appear to have a promising future in the world of non-renewable energy. Coal, when used in the traditional manner, is the dirtiest fossil fuel on the planet. The combustion of coal releases a combination of harmful emissions into the surrounding atmosphere. These include but are not limited to NOx, SO2, CO2, and trace amounts of mercury (Rinstinen). Effects of these emissions are seen in the accumulation of low-level ozone, global warming, and acid rain. Despite these devastating affects coal remains the largest single producer of energy in the US (Schobert). With so many coal burning plants already in operation, and the obvious benefits of coal’s energy potential, scientists have set out to harness coal’s good properties while at the same time protect the earth from it’s devastating short-comings. The answer to the current debate over coal’s future seems to lie in the idealist potential of Clean Coal. It’s potential is so great that President Bush has poured millions of dollars into the Federal Budget to stimulate Clean Coal development and initiatives. Currently, countless plants from the 1950’s and 1960’s have become decommissioned or are in need of replacements; the need to reinv... ...the non-renewable energies require too many additional processes to be considered a sustainable fuel for the future. Works Cited "Clean Coal Technology: How It Works." BBC News. 28 Nov. 2005. bbc.co.uk. 14 Feb. 2007 . "Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle." Cogeneration. 8 Jan. 2004. CogenerationTechnologies. 14 Feb. 2007 . "Prospects For CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) – Fact Sheet." Iea.Org. 15 Feb. 2006. International Energy Agency. 14 Feb. 2007 . Ristinen, Robert A., and Jack J. Kraushaar. Energy and the Environment. New York & London: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999. Schobert, Harold H. Energy and Society. New York & London: Taylor and Francis, 2002. Clean Coal and Its Potential Essay -- Energy Coal Fuel Essays Papers Clean Coal and Its Potential With the United States' increasing addiction for petroleum and imported energy, many organizations have begun to pressure government agencies to consider cleaner methods for fuel. As evident from recent government spending, the current administration favors the generation of electricity through a fossil fuel abundant in the United States; coal. Though coal is widely seen as a cheap source of energy, it contains many drawbacks: it’s emissions. Clean coal alternatives are available and they appear to have a promising future in the world of non-renewable energy. Coal, when used in the traditional manner, is the dirtiest fossil fuel on the planet. The combustion of coal releases a combination of harmful emissions into the surrounding atmosphere. These include but are not limited to NOx, SO2, CO2, and trace amounts of mercury (Rinstinen). Effects of these emissions are seen in the accumulation of low-level ozone, global warming, and acid rain. Despite these devastating affects coal remains the largest single producer of energy in the US (Schobert). With so many coal burning plants already in operation, and the obvious benefits of coal’s energy potential, scientists have set out to harness coal’s good properties while at the same time protect the earth from it’s devastating short-comings. The answer to the current debate over coal’s future seems to lie in the idealist potential of Clean Coal. It’s potential is so great that President Bush has poured millions of dollars into the Federal Budget to stimulate Clean Coal development and initiatives. Currently, countless plants from the 1950’s and 1960’s have become decommissioned or are in need of replacements; the need to reinv... ...the non-renewable energies require too many additional processes to be considered a sustainable fuel for the future. Works Cited "Clean Coal Technology: How It Works." BBC News. 28 Nov. 2005. bbc.co.uk. 14 Feb. 2007 . "Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle." Cogeneration. 8 Jan. 2004. CogenerationTechnologies. 14 Feb. 2007 . "Prospects For CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) – Fact Sheet." Iea.Org. 15 Feb. 2006. International Energy Agency. 14 Feb. 2007 . Ristinen, Robert A., and Jack J. Kraushaar. Energy and the Environment. New York & London: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999. Schobert, Harold H. Energy and Society. New York & London: Taylor and Francis, 2002.

Richard P. Feynman :: biographies biography bio

Richard Feynman, born on May 11, 1918 to Lucille and Melville Feynman, is remembered for many things by many people. He was Physicist, a Mathematician, a Noble Laureate in Physics, he worked at Los Alamos constructing the first atomic bomb, he probed the Challenger shuttle disaster, made new paths into Quantum Mechanics and Electrodynamics through Path Integrals and Feynman Diagrams, he was a teacher, a husband and a father. He was all these things and more, yet he was still just a man, like everyone else, and he liked to play the bongo drums. Feynman attended MIT where he received his bachelor if science degree and then Princeton for his Ph.D. It was during his time at Princeton that Feynman married his first wife, his high school sweetheart, Arline Greenbaum. Arline was already ill with tuberculosis at the time, and the young newlyweds could not even kiss. In 1942 the young couple left for Los Alamos where 24 year old Feynman would be made group leader in the theoretical division. Eventually Arline was admitted into the Albuquerque hospital where she eventually died in 1945. Feynman was very distraught. Feynman took several teaching positions over the following years, ending up at CalTech where he would spend the rest of his career. Feynman married two more time, in 1952 he married Mary Louise Bell, and in 1960 he married Gweneth Howarth. They had a son, Carl, and adopted a daughter, Michelle. During his time at CalTech Feynman agreed to teach a two-year course of introductory physics to freshman students. The lectures were recorded, transcribed and photographs were taken of all the blackboards. From these lectures three books, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, were published. Also published were two books by Ralph Leighton,Surely You're Joking Mr. Feynman! in 1985 and What Do You Care What Other People Think? in 1988, both highly enjoyable books to read that capture the personal side of Feynman that he was so infamous for. Feynman died February 15, 1988 at the age of 69 from stomach cancer. The above picture is a formal pose of Feynman after receiving the Nobel Prize in Physics, along with Sin'ichiro Tomanaga and Julian Schwinger, for his work in Quantum Electrodynamics(QED). Although Tomanaga and Schwinger had independently created equivalent theories, it was Feynman's that proved to be the most original and far-reaching. Feynman was recruited onto the Los Alamos project in 1942, where he developed many experimental devices to test his theories, without having to blow up Los Alamos.

The Editing of Hemingways The Garden of Eden :: Hemingway The Garden of Eden

The Editing of Hemingway's The Garden of Eden One deceased master author, one 1500 page manuscript, three previously unsuccessful editing attempts. This equation would scare away most editors. At first, it even scared away Tom Jenks. When his bosses at Scribner’s Publishing asked him to revise Hemingway’s 1500 page manuscript, Jenks initially declined. He told the company, â€Å"'I don't care if I never see another Hemingway story again’† (http://narrativemagazine.org/html/eden.htm). For Jenks, â€Å"Publishing more Hemingway seemed less interesting than publishing new writers, which is what I came to Scribner's to do† (http://narrativemagazine.org/html/eden.htm). Ultimately Jenks did take on the impossible task of editing Hemingway. One would expect a Hemingway expert to do the editing of The Garden of Eden, however for Jenks, editing Hemingway was an entirely new experience. Eric Pooley, a writer for New York Magazine, states, â€Å"[Jenks] hadn't read a Hemingway novel in year s. He didn't review the Hemingway canon before he started, and he still hasn't read Islands in the Stream. Preparing to edit, he asked no one for advice†( http://narrativemagazine.org/html/eden.htm). Yet Charles Scribner Jr., one of the three editors who tried and failed to edit the book before Jenks, believes that Jenks’ lack of Hemingway â€Å"worship† made editing the book easier. He states, â€Å"coming to the task fresh, without a long personal association with Hemingway, Tom was less inhibited† (http://narrativemagazine.org/html/eden.htm). Jenks could not afford to be enamored with the work of Hemingway. In front of him lay the task of removing hundreds of pages from one of the world’s most respected authors. The task of editing The Garden of Eden was two fold. First, Jenks needed to preserve the writing of Hemingway. Yet at the same time, he needed to remove hundreds of pages that he believed to be redundant or insubstantial. Jenks calls â€Å"substantial portions [of the manuscript] embarrassingly flimsy† (Jenks 54). As he began the long task of editing, Jenks was lucky enough to have some notes from the original author. Certain parts, especially the first hundred or so pages, had already been edited by Hemingway. Hemingway also left behind dated notes about his work. â€Å"He'd say, 'This is good,' or 'This is shit,'† said Jenks. â€Å"Sometimes the notes were quite detailed† (http://narrativemagazine.org/html/eden.htm). Jenks used these notes, along with his own gut feelings to cut the book down to the size it is today.

British Politics and Society Essay

– Between 1947-51, there was a considerable degree of economic recovery from the severe crisis of 1945-57. – Nationalisation of key industries, and creation of the welfare state – Ernest Bevin’s work as the Foreign Secretary ensured continuation of ‘ special relationship’ with USA and the formation of NATO – After losing power in 1951, labour only had two terms until Tony Blair’s landslide victory in 1997 – History of British politics & society between 1951 – 1997 was framed by Attlee’s govt and the beginning of Blair’s administration. Trends& Developments – 1951 – 1973 sustained periods of employment & relative popularity – the long post-war boom – 1973 – 1979 oil price crisis – 1979 – 1990 Thatcherism, industrial unrest, and privatisation of nationalised concerns. – Post-war years= extensive social & cultural change, with emergence of a youth culture, the advance of women, vast developments in the mass media & the growth of multiculturalism. Politics & Govt – 1951-64 was marked by dominance of moderate Tory govts under Churchill, Eden& Macmillan – Between 1964 – 79, it was a period of mainly Labour govts under Wilson & Callaghan, interrupted by Tory govt, under Heath 1970 – 4. – 1979 – 97 era of ‘Thatcherite’ conservatism – During those years Labour fell into decline due to internal divisions and the formation of SDP – 1969 – 98 problems of security in N.Ireland Foreign Affairs – Period marked by slow & uneven ‘retreat from empire’, with further decolonisation. – Continuance of cold war enhanced Britain’s ‘special relationship’ with USA , whilst relationship with Europe grew more complex – Britain joined EEC 1973 Section 1 – Dilwyn Porter – † that of a ‘post-war consensus’ that the sense of national unity, which developed during and because of ‘People’s War’ was continued and consolidated by Attlee’s government† Legacy of war years – Post-war consensus after WW2 – Attlee, Churchill & Eden worked together in war time coalition – PMs until Wilson in 1964 fought in WW1 – Tony Blair’s background fitted in with Tory mould as well or even better than Heath – Right-winged Tories argued that continuation of Attlee legacy was a tragic ‘socialist’ mistake – Left-winged Bevanites argued Atlee legacy not socialist enough Political Tensions – labour was subjected to a series of intense internal divisions and personality clashes throughout post war history – post war labour didn’t move with the post war consensus – west Germany 1959, key turning point when SPD reformed and dropped Marxist ideology for modernisation and democracy – Thatcher’s successful rebellion against Heath in 1975 marked the conservative party ‘s shift from the post war consensus – Thatcher’s election success marked the degree of part divisions Politics – Tories could hardly be called right winged in the 1950’s – Both Churchill and Eden made radical movements to alter the relationships between the government and the trade unions – Steel industry was denationalised in 1953 – No attempt to reverse what the labour government had done between 1945 – 51 – Macmillan government did more to consolidate the post war consensus than to challenge it – 1959 Macmillan’s government continued to follow centrist policies Economic Policy – continuation of the post war consensus under the government was referred to as ‘butskellism’ – Butler was a key figure in the conservative party (chancellor of exchequer) and was a serious contender for leadership in 1957 – Butler clashed with Bevan over the costs of the NHS – 1963 – Gaitskell became leader of the labour party – Gaitskell had open feuds about with the left wingers in his own party especially over nuclear disarmament – a key feature of butskellism was the ideas that Butler and Gaitskell had much more in common with each other than rival wings in their own parties Foreign Policy – Foreign policy was a major element of the Attlee legacy and the post war consensus which was summed up as ‘ a commitment to maintain both the welfare state and national greatness’ – An issue was the dissatisfaction of the alliance with the USA, and large scale commitments such as the independent nuclear war deterrent and anti soviet policies of the cold war – Labour politicians were sensitive about the claims that the socialism was unpredictable and unreliable and they wanted to prove the opposite – Bevan had battle with the left wing and communists during the thirties – Bevan was a supporter of Churchill and was proud of his successes such as the formation of NATO and wanted to keep their special relationship in good repair – Many left wingers weren’t happy with the policies but were never able to do over turn them – Post war consensus was put under strain due to the Suez crisis – Macmillan read the lessons of the affair and was quick to mend bridges with the US – Macmillan’s wind of change speech led the way to rapid decolonisation across Africa – Macmillan applied to get Britain in the EEC which got declined due to De Gaulle – Under the government of Wilson is when Britain was accepted into the EEC The significance of the 1964 – The labour campaign made much of the theme of modernisation – Public mood of expectancy in 1964 , reflected the sense that 1960’s Britain was going through fundamental social and cultural change – There was no change in political direction, in 1964 the labour governments under Wilson & Callaghan succeed in carrying on with their radical promises – Labour’s policies weren’t that different from what the conservatives would have done and there was emphasis on the economic modernisation – Why were the labour governments between 1964 and 1979 unable to achieve more success? – When Harold Wilson came into power in 1964 optimism among the labour supporters was high, – Wilson seemed to be a talented leader who had a wide support in the country

Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Essay

Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Michael Porter provided a framework that analyses an industry as being influenced by five forces. It has been suggested that management, attempting to establish a competitive marketing advantage over rivals, can use this model to understand the industry context in which the business operates and take appropriate strategic decisions. Threat of entry This means the ease with which other firms can join the industry and compete with existing businesses. The threat of entry is greatest when: economies of scale are low in the industry technology needed to enter the industry is relatively cheap istribution channels are easy to access, e. g. retail shops are not owned by existing manufacturers in the industry there are no legal or patent restrictions on entry The importance of product differentiation is low, so extensive advertising may not be required to get established. The power of buyers This refers to the power that customers have on the producing in dustry. For example, if there are four major supermarket groups that dominate this sector of retailing, their buyer power over food and other producers will be great. Buyer power will also be increased when: here are many undifferentiated small supplying firms, e. g. many small farmers supplying milk or chicken to large supermarket businesses the cost of switching suppliers is low Buyers can realistically and easily buy from other suppliers. The power of suppliers Suppliers will be relatively powerful compared with buyers when: the cost of switching is high, e. g. from PC computers to AppleMacs When the brand being sold is very powerful and well known, e. g. Cadbury’s chocolate or Nike shoes. Suppliers could realistically threaten to open their own forward-integration operations, e. g. offee suppliers open their own cafes. Customers have little bargaining power as they are small firms and fragmented, e. g. dispersed around the country as with independent petrol stations. The threat of substitutes In Porter’s model, ‘substitute products’ does not mean alternatives in the same industry such as Toyota for Honda cars. It refers to substitute products in other industries. For instance, the demand for aluminum for cans is partly affected by the price of glass for bottling and plastic for containers. These are substitutes for aluminum, but they are not rivals in the same industry. Competitive rivalry This is the key part of this analysis – it sums up the most important factors that determine the level of competition or rivalry in an industry. It is based on the other four forces which are why it is often illustrated in the center of the Five Forces diagram. Competitive rivalry is most likely to be high where: it is cheap and easy for new firms to enter an industry there is a threat from substitute products suppliers have much power Buyers have much power. Reference: http://classof1. com/homework-help/earth-science-homework-help/

Helping Parents and Caregivers Fight Chilhood Obesity Essay

Helping Parents and Caregivers in the Fight Against Childhood Obesity Young children acquire their knowledge through direct instruction, modeling, and experiences within their environment (Lanigan, 2010, p. # 369). Children who are obese are known to have lower self-esteem, and a higher risk of becoming drinkers, smokers, and/or socially isolated as they mature. Health concerns such as Cardiovascular Disease; Gall Bladder problems; Hypertension; and Sleep Apnea have all been associated with childhood obesity (Robinson; Geier; Rizzolo; Sedrak, 2011). Teaching portion control, implementing a healthy balanced diet, and adding in daily physical activities can help parents and caregivers in the fight against childhood obesity. Portion control is something that has to be developed from within a person. By introducing and practicing the use of healthy eating habits early in life, parents and caregivers are increasing the opportunities for a child to learn behaviors that can help them to dev elop a healthy life style. This type of life style can in turn increase the child’s chances of reversing or even preventing obesity. Teaching children to recognize what it feels like in their bodies when they are hungry or what could be called their hunger signals, while encouraging them to eat their food more slowly, and persuading them to stop eating when they feel they have had enough, even though they may still have food left over, are all ways of promoting healthy eating habits in children. The practice and observation of these skills will benefit children in their journey to a healthy life. Creating a healthy balanced diet can be a challenge for families. The convenience of the fast food industry has increased the challenge for families. Most families have parents or caregivers who work long hours and have little down time, causing them to â€Å"grab† dinner verses preparing it as was once the norm. In a balanced diet, the recommendation of carbohydrates is 45% to 50% of the total daily calories, while fat intake is at 30% to 35% (Philippas; Lo, 2005). Focusing on the right fats and carbs are of extreme importance. Making choices with fruits, vegetables, legumes, and healthier poly- and  monounsaturated fats, verses saturated fats and refined carbohydrates like white bread, refined sugar, soft drinks, cakes and candies, can dramatically assist in the battle against childhood obesity. While portion control and a healthy balanced diet are essential in the fight against childhood obesity, the benefits of physical activity should not be ignored. Exercise is a key component in the treatment and prevention of obesity in children (Robinson; Geier; Rizzolo; Sedrak, 2011). Exercise will assist in weight loss as well as improve metabolic risk factors such as hypertension, and has been known to have led to the lowering of blood pressure, along with reducing in depression, anxiety, and improvement of self-esteem (Robinson; Geier; Rizzolo; Sedrak, 2011). The obesity epidemic is being blamed for the rise in serious diseases and disorders (Robinson; Geier; Rizzolo; Sedrak, 2011). With this information of the multiple health concerns that have been associated with childhood obesity, parents and caregivers must be armed with education and resources to fight against this disease. Teaching portion control, implementing a healthy balanced diet, and adding in daily physical activities can help parents and caregivers in the fight against the disease known as childhood obesity.

Benefits of Internet and Social Media to Students Essay

Internet and social media is student best friend. They provide needed materials within a short span of time. They allow interactions among student to be easy and convenient. Most of the times are when students get required information from the internet and this helps them in their studies. Since plagiarism is not allowed in their work, there is online plagiarism checker which verifies zero percentage plagiarism before the work is forwarded for marking. Internet benefits are more than its demerits, although parents and guardians are always opposed to the idea of their children being exposed to internet materials, it reaches a point where they cannot control it anymore. Being in college exposes one to various mediums of communication. One of them is the internet social media. It is efficient and reliable, onset of social groups such as Facebook and twitter helps students to interact with their fellow friends. see more:social topics for speech Education is also passed through these media; there has been a lot of idea exchange in the internet today. Almost everything can be confirmed in the internet regardless to its sensitivity and significance, plagiarism software are also available in the internet today. They help reduce cases of copying directly from the internet. Important education matters can also be passed from one student to another; this is usually very fast as compared to word of mouth or other written documents. Internet provides leisure activities to the students, they engage in games and other plays that help them relax their minds. This is one way of ensuring academic progress among student in universities and colleges. There is also online learning which have been adopted by many students and colleges, it’s a convenient way of studying and hence it has been embraced by many students with positive attitude. Despite internet being misused by few individuals, its benefits cannot be measured to any other data source. Its effective and reliable way of obtaining information.

Goldman Sachs unethical behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Goldman Sachs unethical behaviour - Essay Example This implies that the responsible players at the helm of its management should operate its functions devoid of the slightest mistake that could cause a multiplier effect of unpleasant results across the board. Flouting basic business ethics in such a sensitive system could perhaps amount to the worst ethical bleach of this age. Informed from such a global perspective, this section of this discourse assesses the conduct of one of the players at the helm Wall Street to find its credibility from a business ethics perspective (US Senate, 3). Operations of the Wall Street are largely accused of the downfall of the US economy from 2008, due to unprecedented departure from safety lending regulations particularly in the financial services sector. The most affected were mortgage, debt and stock markets whose effect spilled over into the other financial institutions in such a rate that almost paralyzed the entire economy. Sooner than later, the global economy were feeling a pinch of the spiraling impact. A leader in the mortgage business was perhaps more responsible than many more players in the market. Goldman Sachs happened to be one of the main two players in the infamous mortgage market immediately before the collapse of the Wall Street in 2008, alongside Deutsche Bank. The conduct of Goldman Sachs in terms of ethical responsibility it had to observe demonstrates incompetence due to a number of abuses. Firstly, the manner in which mortgage and other related securities were handled in the unstable market left a lot to be desired (Griffin, 94). Goldman Sachs participated in the design of a risky complex securities system whose failure orchestrated the downfall of several aspects of the market. The mortgage instruments designed by Goldman Sachs and other players were complicated in such a manner that the derived securities became more valuable than the original instruments of trade in the market. Goldman Sachs was aware of

Regulatory and Accreditation Body in Nursing Education Paper Essay

Regulatory and Accreditation Body in Nursing Education Paper - Essay Example sion is â€Å"protect and promote the welfare of the people of Texas by ensuring that each person holding a license as a nurse in the State of Texas is competent to practice safely.† The mission of the Board of Texas is fulfilled through nursing practice regulation and nursing education program approvals. BNE approval is the key for the graduates to take the NCLEX. Based on the Nursing Practice Act (NPA), the Vocational Nursing Education and Professional Nursing Education provide rules and regulations for programs of nursing education to ascertain that the graduates can practice competently and safely. Texas nursing education program is approved by Texas BNE that are compliant with their rules and regulations (The Regulation of Nursing Education Programs in Texas, 2008). On the other hand, colleges and universities who are accredited by Southern Association of Colleges and Schools / Commission on Colleges are constantly monitored for improvement of education system (SACS, 2006). The Commission on Colleges is the College Delegate Assembly representative body and is in charge in carrying out the process of accreditation (SACS, 2006). BNE protects the public as well as the faculty and students who receive nursing care and nursing education program. The approval of BNE safeguards the preparation of nurses by assuring that standards of nursing practice are learned by students through sound education and licensure exam eligibility. The approval of BNE on nursing education programs ensures that the curriculum and program outcomes prepare students to demonstrate the Differential Entry Level Competencies (DELC), and is the core requirement for mandatory approval by other regulatory agencies and voluntary accreditation (The Regulation of Nursing Education Programs in Texas, 2008). The Commission on Colleges is the College Delegate Assembly and is the regional body for accreditation of degree - granting higher education institutions in the Southern States. Its purpose is to

The theoretical rationale for the NPV approach to investment appraisal Essay

The theoretical rationale for the NPV approach to investment appraisal - Essay Example 383). It is originally attributed to Irving Fisher in his 1930 book, The Theory of Interest. The most common application of the Fisher model of NPV is in deriving the value of the net contribution of a potential investment to shareholder value, or for budgeting purposes, when deciding among alternative projects when available capital is limited and may not be sufficient to finance all the projects. In fact, the NPV is a valuation method that may be used to decide situations for which a stream of future returns and future payments may be estimated. The power and allure of the NPV is that it serves so well the role of financial markets that allows individuals and corporations to transfer money between dates (MacMinn, 2005:1). By creating a rationale valuation tool linking money in two different points in time, it becomes possible for the individual to â€Å"save by transferring dollars from the present to the future,† while the corporation may â€Å"invest and finance the investment by transferring dollars from the future to the present† (p.l-2). However, for the model to work requires knowledge of the cost of capital from which the discount rate is derived. The NPV is derived by discounting all future cash inflows and outflows to the present. By â€Å"discounting† is meant calculating the equivalent value in the present of all future cashflows, assuming these cashflows appreciated over time by an annual compound rate such as the cost of money. This â€Å"discount rate† is that rate of return that an investment (of similar risk) in the financial markets may be expected to earn. Otherwise stated, if an amount equivalent to the net present value were invested today in a financial instrument of similar risk as the alternative or project being considered, the rate of return of which is equal to the expected return on the investment, then such amount would represent the same benefit that may be derived from th entire stream of future cash flows yielded by the instrument invested in. When the discount rate has been determined, the present value of a single sum N years in the future may be found by multiplying this single sum by t he discount factor pertaining to the discount rate applied over N number of years. In mathematical terms: Where: PV = present value of the future single sum R = the future single sum N = the number of compounding periods from the present to the time the single sum is realized or expected i = the discount rate The discount factor is equivalent to the factor multiplied by the single sum to obtain the present value. It is denoted by the expression Discount factor (single sum, discount rate i, N periods) = Where there are more than one cash flow, the several cash flows together make up a cash flow stream. In this instance, the sum of the present values of the individual cash flows is equal to the present value of the entire cash flow stream. When the cash flow is an inflow (or revenue), then the cash flow is positive and its present value is also positive. When the cash flow is an outflow (or cost), then the cash flow is negative, and its present value is also negative. Therefore the su m of present values for the inflows and outflows nets out the costs from the revenues, resulting in the net present value. Illustrating the theoretical rationale of the NPV To illustrate the rationale of the NPV approach, assume that management has to choose from three possible investments A, B and C, each with a life of five years and none of which are mutually exclusive, with the following expected future cash inflows and outflows: The cash flows at year 0 (the present) represent the initial investments which are costs and therefore are denoted by the

Buiness Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Buiness Marketing Plan - Essay Example Game fit will work on a plan to extend its supplier base and a backward integration after gaining a strong foothold in the market. Fewer supplier choices and heavy dependence on suppliers will drive the cost of the product. The product does not have a self-manufacturing plant, which is a serious threat, and this raises the hand of the supplier (Porter 2004) 3.2.1.2 The Bargaining Power of Buyers: The product has a large segment that includes Video gamers, people in search if fitness and health (obese children and adults) and regular gym goers. This huge target segment will prove to favor the product. The large buyer base will put the company on the upper hand. The initial monopoly and buyer base will prove profitable enabling a speedy break even. The bargaining power of buyers is determined by the cost of switching from one product to another in this case the additional cost a consumer will have to bear to buy this interface and the value he will see for this cost. (Porter 2004) 3.2.1.3 The Threat of Substitutes: A factor which needs attention Game fit is only an interface for two existing products. It will not take long for fitness machine manufacturers to substitute this by providing wholesome solution i.e. a fitness bike that is compatible with any video game that could do away with the interface.

Vincent Van Goghs Starry Night and Hans Hofmanns Spring Essay

Vincent Van Goghs Starry Night and Hans Hofmanns Spring - Essay Example The essay "Vincent Van Gogh’s Starry Night and Hans Hofmann’s Spring" discovers two paintings of Vincent Van Gogh and Hans Hofmann. Despite the similarities in the titles to the two works of art, they reveal a differences which reflects on the artist as a person and as an artist given expression to his experience and perspectives. Where Van Gogh looked to create work that was an interpretation of life through his own deeply emotional brush, Hofmann's works were directed at all expressions that his audience could relate to. However, since art is both an expression of mood/emotion and the artist’s own experiences, the contextual backgrounds of both Hofmann and Van Gogh help to explain why similar titled paintings convey different emotions. Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) was an iconic nineteenth century Dutch painter of the post-impressionist movement. Van Gogh was a deeply religious man, known for his struggles with mental illness (Blumer: 519). Van Gogh’s let ters and accounts of his life indicate that he suffered episodes of high energy and moods swings that are consistent with Bipolar Disorder. In the last two years of his life, a French doctor diagnosed Van Gogh with ‘temporal lobe epilepsy’. Still, Van Gogh’s life is described as ‘extraordinary’ due to his special artistic talents. After studying in Belgium, he spent time in Paris which exposed him not only to both the classical and then modern works of the French avant-garde, but as a metropolitan city exposed him to the Ukiyo-e style of Japan.

Medication errors in hospitals Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medication errors in hospitals - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that a device or medication faults more often takes the form of erroneous use of a prescription order or the wrong operation or placing a medical device in a wrong manner. Errors also include the unintentional exchange of a mistaken product in the place of the prescribed one. Also, faults may occur for example, when confusing product name results in the wrong product being dispersed or when inattention leads to an overdose of a certain intended drug. A considerable number of injuries occur annually because of medication or device errors. In general medication mistakes are presumed to be as a result of certain problems within the whole health care system, implying that these faults are usually multiple errors that exist in almost the entire health care system, for example a doctors’ illegible written prescription pads as well as unclear or rather an unfamiliar drug labelling may also result in pharmacists misreading prescriptions and labelling and filling prescription with the wrong medication. Particularly in a hospital milieu and setting, medication safety is especially a very sensitive and delicate issue considering their composite mix of technological and human systems. Melcher, Lampert, Haschke, Drewe& Krahenbuhl, stated that medication errors occurred mostly during the administration process, he concluded that majority of the errors arise during the administration 53%, followed by prescription 17%, and preparation 14% and finally transcription 11%.... of a dependable and regular approach that permits for monitoring , reporting and examining as well as reviewing of errors in an accommodative environment, this identifies and eliminates the reasons for errors. The organization develops a system for frequent and recurrent assessment and evaluation of nurse’s medication administration processes and reassurance of continuous supervision by the head nurse. The development of a quality system which should involves policies and procedure manual to give guidance on medication administration process and enhance quality of nursing care in medication administration. Increase the effectiveness of communication among health care providers to improve and ascertain continuity of patient care. Finally revise and redesign the medication recording formats such as medication kardex, medication history sheets, and medication error reports to make uniform medical practitioners performance moreover the hospital should make available adequate suppl ies in terms of facilities and equipments essential for correct preparation and administration of medications and the provision of appropriate rooms for preparation of medication. 2. Improvements on physicians and pharmacists for quality improvements of medical areas In regards to improvements on physicians and pharmacists the following changes can be implemented; Physicians should be aware of the hospital guidelines and guiding principles in regards to drafting medication orders in the right format, readable and understandable instructions and monitor oral medication orders to augment the medication administration procedure. Physicians and doctors should be readily available all through inside the intensive care unit (ICU) upon being requested for confirmation and clarification of medication

Can Professional Code of Ethics Be the Backbone of Management and Research Paper

Can Professional Code of Ethics Be the Backbone of Management and Leadership's Decision Making in Business - Research Paper Example h one side of ethicists arguing that the right thing to do is always determined by the verdict of moral principles, while the opposite side remains adamant on their stance that an ethical decision is subject to the intricacy of the situation, and therefore is dependant upon the individual’s subjective opinion rather than s certain set of principles. Philosophers refer to ethics as being the ‘science of conduct’, and that ethics comprise of all those basic foundational values and ground rules according to which we live our lives. This paper will open with a general discussion of ethics in the business world and move on to explain how this management discipline came into existence. Furthermore, the expedient tool of ‘professional codes of ethics’ is analyzed with regards to the decision making process, and finally the paper culminates with an in-depth analysis of the pros and cons of the codes of ethics in the decision making process (Ferrel et al., 200 9, 4). Different people can relate to the concept in different ways, and therefore it has come down to having various different subjective meanings, but generally it is referred to as the knowledge of what is right or wrong in the workplace environment and then doing what is right. Wallace and Pekel claim that it critical to pay considerate attention to business ethics at times occurrence of fundamental changes- times which are faced by most of the businesses today, whether profit or non-profit. In these certain precarious situations, the values in a business which were taken for granted previously are questioned, leading to the dismissal of many of the values, and therefore there remains no clear or definite set of values which would act as a compass in guiding the leaders to steer the business according to what is right or wrong. Thus attention to the concept of ethics in the workplace sensitizes the leaders as well as the workers to how they are expected to cope up with moments change. Most importantly,

The In-between world of Vikram Lall-Draft Essay Example for Free

The In-between world of Vikram Lall-Draft Essay Home is an anchor; without it, one is lost. Brainstorming: The story is itself of an Asian living in an alien land of Africa which since centuries has been a colony of British regime. This essay will be developed around the Vikram Lal’s life in the alien land, and how he landed in Canada. Vassanji’s power lies in his carefully narrated skill in examining the paradoxical and complex situations in which Lal Ji and many other Asians find themselves. It is all an issue of bringing forth hidden identity in the soils where racism and class division is at its peak and always struggling to make themselves feel at home in the alien land away from home. It is rightly said that Home is an anchor; without it, one is lost. It implies that Home makes us realize what we are and who we are. It makes us identify with ourself, with neighbors and society. In an alien land more and more we try to search our identity more and more we find ourselves lost in the two worlds. In the quest to be loyal to the alien land we deprive ourselves from our own identity and if we refuse to adopt the alien world, we are not adopted by that world. I would try to explore how Vassanji’s tried to explore this dilemma in the minds of the immigrants through the story of Vikram Lal in the family. Outline Racism Author was himself born in Kenya It is his own experiences which are reflected in the book Through the voice of Vikram Lal, this story will bring about the problem of citizenship for the people of Asian Descent in Kenya and how they are adjusting and adopting themselves in the alien land where Kenya is itself engulfed in the fire of rebellion against the British regime. The situation of Kenya when it is rapidly descended into neo-colonialism addresses the issue of citizenship for people of Asian descent in Kenya by studying the during the president-ship of Jomo Kenyatta. Rough Draft Racism was deeply into the   soils of Kenya and the Aisans too had to face the burnt of racism and the question of class further raised the question of establishing him politically. The way Vikram Lall perforrn his struggle for citizenship is in sharp contrast to his friend Nioroge who inspite of belonging to the very lowest strata of society, he occupied highest posistion duing neocolonial period.   was occupieng the   considered to be   differentiated

WAN Protocols Case Essay Example for Free

WAN Protocols Case Essay WAN Protocols are the standardised method of sending data between computers. The protocol will determine how the data is compressed, the error checking to be used, how the sending device will indicate that all data is sent, how the receiving device will declare its received everything. The WAN protocols are found in The Internet Protocol Suite. They are shown below in the diagram showing where they lie in the 4 layer TCP/IP Model. Sometimes, the TCP/IP protocol will be extended to include the physical layer also, but this is fairly uncommon and all protocols will work over all medias. Just like the OSI model, each protocol must pass the data down the layers to send out information and then send up the layer to receive information. So for example, the File Transfer Protocol will pass its data down to TCP which will pass it down to IT, which will pass it down to Ethernet which will place it on a physical media such as coaxial cable. To receive the data back, it must travel back through the stacks back to FTP. Each of the protocols on each stack will have its own set of tasks that it must carry out before sending the data on. Using this set group of protocols ensures that computers are capable of communicating between each other and therefore allows compatibility across devices. It is only when manufacturers stray away from these set protocols that compatibility problems will occur. Figure 1 The Protocols and their Relationship with the TCP/IP Model The OSI Model The TCP/IP Protocol suite does not directly map to the OSI model as TCP/IP relies on four layers and the OSI model uses 7. The top three layers of the OSI model map straight to the Application, Presentation and the Session layers of the TCP/IP Suite. Most of the protocols mentioned on this information sheet are found at the application layer of the OSI model; FTP, HTTP, SNMP, Telnet are all found here. The transport layer, containing UTP and TCP is the same on both models. The network layer is the actual Internet Protocol, as well as a few older alternatives such as X.25. The data link layer is the same and are the protocols controlling the actual transfer onto the physical line which is the physical layer that does not appear on the TCP/IP model as it does not care about the physical hardware. The TCP/IP Model squishes the top three layers of the OSI Model onto a single layer. Figure 2 Protocols and their Relationships with the OSI Model Evaluation of Protocols Almost all of the protocols of the past couple of decades are still in use in one way or another. Many have gained popularity as they surpass the capabilities of their older equivalents and some are a lot less common than they used to be. As the uses of WANs become more complicated, so must the protocols being used to provide the services expected. In general, older versions of protocols have been phased out and replaced by updated versions with new capabilities for the WANs they are placed on. HTTP is the standard method of transferring all sorts of webpage across the web. To do this it must reach across to servers to ask for data and then present it using whatever protocol the page is displayed in. For example, a HTML page must be displayed in HTML. A page linking to a zip file will require an unzip based program to handle it. FTP is an unsecured method of transferring files across the network. It is not considered a good method for secure documents to be sent as any security that has been added can very easily be decrypted and the contents can easily be viewed. All information sent along with the file, for example: passwords or destination are not encrypted and are sent in standard text. This means that anybody with access to the network could pull the file down and check its contents. It sends the file without checking with the other computer if the entire file has been received. Some clients will add an extra level on top of the FTP file that can calculate and check for file completion but this has to be enforced by both clients and is infrequently used. FTP is not really suitable for regular business situations. FTP replaces Simple File Transfer Protocol. Telnet is a method of connecting two computers together via a remote connection. Usually, the connection is aimed at a headless server. Once the connection is established using Telnet software, the user has access as though they are in front of that computer. SSH has vastly replaced Telnet because of its security problems across networks that are untrusted. Telnet is frequently used in troubleshooting situations where the required software is not available on both computers. Telnet is generally not used so much by businesses anymore as it has been superseded by SSH in most secure network situations. SMTP is a text based protocol where everything in the email is bundled together and sent. The email is sent to a remote server which pushes the email down to the specific DNS. It relies on DNS to find the correct domain name for the recipient and then filters to find the correct username at that domain. As it is a push protocol and not a pull protocol like POP3 or IMAP, it usually requires other protocols to work alongside it. SMPT does not however, have a successor and is considered a staple protocol in the TCP/IP Protocol family. SNMP is the network management protocol. It relies on a systems being managed by other systems. A piece of software called an agent runs on the user computers and this sends information back to the managing systems via SNMP. The system is designed to monitor available resources and to keep a check on how the users computers are acting. When this protocol was first developed i.e. SNMPv1, its role was simple just to simply monitor the network. It included no security or integrity to ensure that the data being requested was from the correct computers and hadnt been tampered with in transit apart from an unencrypted password and so was constantly criticized for its security problems. SNMPv2 improved slightly on this issue, and enhanced security was also added. The ability to talk between two managing systems also added the ability to check the integrity of the data being sent as it was possible to check past behaviour against new behaviour. The newest version, SNMPv3 which was released in 2004, adds this extra layer of security for managements piece of mind. This means that it is the securest version to date and is therefore considered industry standard with all old versions being deemed obsolete. NNTP is the standard protocol for reading and posting Usenet submissions. The last update was in 2006 and this further improved the protocol and ensures that it stays the standard method of accessing newsgroups. This protocol is popular with the types of businesses that require access the news posting sites these are particularly popular with computing based businesses. The IMAP protocol is capable only reading and so is not a viable alternative. X.25 is a packet switching protocol that predates IP. It is still found in situations where an extremely reliable system is required such as EPOS systems that allow businesses to take debit and credit cards. It is also popular in the developing world where it the cheapest and most reliable method of connecting to the internet. It is much slower than IP as it requires all of its packets to be received before moving the packets again. IP is the current industry standard packet switching method and was designed in 1981. It is a network level protocol that splits data into packets, addresses them and sends them forward. IP works closely with TCP to ensure that the data packets are received correctly as it sends the packets without ensuring they are received. All other protocols will work through IP as it converts upper layer data into packets. IPv4 is the current version in use, but users are being encouraged to move towards IPv6 as it allows more addresses to be used.